Strengthening Civil Society Movements for Improving Coal Governance and Accelerating a Just Energy Transition in Indonesia

Indonesia has committed to reducing emissions by 29% by 2030, or 41% with international support. Coal still accounts for 40.46% of the national energy mix. Despite targets to cut that share, production reached 766.9 million tons in 2023, and the 2024 production plan was approved at a record 922.14 million tons.

A PWYP Indonesia study (2021) found government control of coal production and exports to be inconsistent, with targets frequently revised upward. Coal is still treated as easy revenue, even as weak oversight and low compliance drain public returns. Downstream projects such as DME and co-firing risk locking in coal under the appearance of transition.

Holders of PKP2B and IUPK licences account for over 40% of national coal production. A just transition requires those companies to move into genuine green business — solar, wind, micro-hydro — rather than false solutions that keep coal at the centre of the energy system.